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Vrem să știm și noi ce nu este adevărat în tot ce a spus eminentul nostru profesor , Corvin Lupu ?

REPET ACUM SI LA NESFARSIT :

„Daca spui adevarul nu esti antisemit ” specifica episcopul Richard Williamson , haituit drept vanat liber pentru aceasta declaratie facuta la televiziunea suedeza .

Ce minciuni a spus eminentul nostru profesor Corvin Lupu, istoric din tata in fiu, autorul atator carti scrise in slujba adevarului demonstrat stiintific , caruia prin legi criminale, atat de impecabil analizate si descrise in ilegalitatea impunerii lor prin nerusinarea trucarii si incalcarii legislatiei de vot – ce minciuni a scris acest analist suprem al arestarii gandirii romanilor, devenit si analist juridic, printre altele, de voie de nevoie ?

Unde-s legile pe care se bazeaza un stat daca vine o organizatie exclusivista suprematista si comunitarista ca cea confectionata de institutul care poarta numele unui megaescroc international dovedit, Elie Wiesel , ca sa confiste dreptul la scrierea istoriei poporului roman de catre capetele cele mai cunoscatoare ale adevarului si mai demonstrate cinstite ?
VREM SA STIM SI NOI !

Ce-i aia sa haituiesti romanii care folosesc cuvantul “jidan” , singurul cuvant folosit de taranii nostri pentru aceasta etnie, tarani ce habar nu au de cuvantul “evreu” ?
Bagati toti romanii la inchisoare care folosesc cuvintele vechi romanesti , in timp ce alte limbi europene continua sa foloseasac cuvintul juif, Jude, Jew , in limba lor literara ?
Ca sa ascundeti ce ?
Crimele de neascuns ale unei anumite etnii care a initiat si practicat bolshevismul , in numar coplesitor de mare daca nu neaparat in exclusivitate, asupra popoarelor crestine, ucigand peste 100.000.000 de oameni ?
Ce vreti sa sanctificati : cuvantul “habiru” ?
D’aia vreti sa inchideti toti romanii dupa gratii ?
Pai habiru insemna printre altele, “bandit” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ce-i aia sa terorizezi romanii pentru o astfel de intrebuintare a unui neologism impus de o etnie straina de limba romana taraneasca !
Ia uitati de unde vine cuvantul evreu:
Habiru
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cuneiform of Sumerian SA.GAZ and corresponding West Semitic ha-bi-ru
Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as ʿApiru, meaning „dusty, dirty”;[1] Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ḫabiru) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for people variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.[1][2][3][4][5]

Contents
• 1Hapiru, Habiru, and Apiru
• 2Habiru and the biblical Hebrews
• 3See also
• 4References
o 4.1Citations
o 4.2Bibliography
Hapiru, Habiru, and Apiru[edit]

Idrimi of Alalakh, „King of the Habiru”
In the time of Rim-Sin I (1822 BC to 1763 BC), the Sumerians knew a group of Aramaean nomads living in southern Mesopotamia as Habiru.[6] The word Habiru, more properly ʿApiru, occurs in hundreds of 2nd millennium BCE documents covering a 600-year period from the 18th to the 12th centuries BCE and found at sites ranging from Egypt, Canaan and Syria, to Nuzi (near Kirkuk in northern Iraq) and Anatolia (Turkey), frequently used interchangeably with the Sumerian SA.GAZ, a phonetic equivalent to the Akkadian (Mesopotamian) word saggasu („murderer, destroyer”).[7][8]
Not all Habiru were murderers and robbers:[9] in the 18th century BCE a north Syrian king named Irkabtum (c. 1740 BC) „made peace with [the warlord] Shemuba and his Habiru,” [10] while the ʿApiru, Idrimi of Alalakh, was the son of a deposed king, and formed a band of ʿApiru to make himself king of Alalakh.[11] What Idrimi shared with the other ʿApiru was membership of an inferior social class of outlaws, mercenaries, and slaves leading a marginal and sometimes lawless existence on the fringes of settled society.[12] ʿApiru had no common ethnic affiliations and no common language, their personal names being most frequently West Semitic, but many East Semitic, Hurrian or Indo-European.[12][13]

Areas of reported Habiru activity during the Late Bronze IIA period (based on the Amarna letters corpus)
In the Amarna letters from the 14th century BCE, the petty kings of Canaan describe them sometimes as outlaws, sometimes as mercenaries, sometimes as day-labourers and servants.[3] Usually they are socially marginal, but Rib-Hadda of Byblos calls Abdi-Ashirta of Amurru (modern Lebanon) and his son ʿApiru, with the implication that they have rebelled against their common overlord, the Pharaoh.[3] In „The Conquest of Joppa” (modern Jaffa), an Egyptian work of historical fiction from around 1440 BCE, they appear as brigands, and General Djehuty asks at one point that his horses be taken inside the city lest they be stolen by a passing ʿApir.[14][broken footnote]
Habiru and the biblical Hebrews[edit]
The biblical word „Hebrew”, like Habiru, began as a social category, and evolved into an ethnic one. [15] Since the discovery of the 2nd millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, there have been many theories linking these to the Hebrews of the Bible.[6]
As pointed out by Moore and Kelle, while the ʿApiru/Habiru may be related to the biblical Hebrews, they also appear to be composed of many different peoples, including nomadic Shasu and Shutu, the biblical Midianites, Kenites, and Amalekites, as well as displaced peasants and pastoralists.[16][17]
Scholars such as Anson Rainey have noted, however, that while ʿApiru covered the regions from Nuzi to Anatolia as well as Northern Syria, Canaan and Egypt, they were never confused with Shutu (Sutu) or Shasu (Shosu), Syrian pastoral nomads in the Amarna letters or other texts of the time.[18]
See also[edit]
• Ancient Egypt portal
• Asia portal
• Ahlamu
• Foreign relations of Egypt during the Amarna period
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Rainey 2008, p. 51.
2. ^ Coote 2000, p. 549.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c McLaughlin 2012, p. 36.
4. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2007, p. 44.
5. ^ Noll 2001, p. 124.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Smith, Homer W. (1952). Man and His Gods. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. p. 89.
7. ^ Rainey 2008, p. 52.
8. ^ Rainey 2005, p. 134-135.
9. ^ Youngblood 2005, p. 134-135.
10. ^ Hamblin 2006, p. unpaginated.
11. ^ Na’aman 2005, p. 112.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b Redmount 2001, p. 98.
13. ^ Coote 2000, p. 549-550.
14. ^ Mannassa 2013, p. 5,75,107.
15. ^ Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 19.
16. ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 125.
17. ^ Rainey 1995, p. 483.
18. ^ Rainey 1995, p. 490.
Bibliography[edit]
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802864505.
• Collins, John J. (2014). A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451484359.
• Coote, Robert B. (2000). „Hapiru, Apiru”. In David Noel, Freedman; Allen C., Myers (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
• Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743243636.
• Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. ISBN 9781134520626.
• Lemche, Niels Peter (2010). The A to Z of Ancient Israel. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461671725.
• Manassa, Colleen (2013). Imagining the Past: Historical Fiction in New Kingdom Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199982226.
• McKenzie, John L. (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684819136.
• McLaughlin, John L. (2012). The Ancient Near East. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426765506.
• Moore, Megan B.; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel’s Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Grand Rapids, Michigan; Cambridge, UK. ISBN 9780802862600.
• Na’aman, Nadav (2005). Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061139.
• Noll, K.L. (2001). Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction. A&C Black. ISBN 9781841273181.
• Rainey, Anson F. (2008). „Who Were the Early Israelites?” (PDF). Biblical Archaeology Review. 34:06 (Nov/Dec 2008): 51–55.
• Rainey, Anson F. (1995). „Unruly Elements in Late Bronze Canaanite Society”. In Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (eds.). Pomegranates and Golden Bells. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9780931464874.
• Redmount, Carol A. (2001). „Bitter Lives”. In Michael David, Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195139372.
• Van der Steen, Eveline J. (2004). Tribes and Territories in Transition. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042913851.
• Youngblood, Ronald (2005). „The Amarna Letters and the „Habiru””. In Carnagey, Glenn A.; Schoville, Keith N. (eds.). Beyond the Jordan: Studies in Honor of W. Harold Mare. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781597520690.
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• 2nd millennium BC
• Bronze Age peoples
• Nomads
• Semitic-speaking peoples
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• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Habiru
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Cuneiform SA.KAS and KU6.KAŠ.RU
Cuneiform of Sumerian SA.GAZ and corresponding West Semitic ha-bi-ru
Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as ʿApiru, meaning „dusty, dirty”;[1] Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ḫabiru) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for people variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.[1][2][3][4][5]

Contents
1 Hapiru, Habiru, and Apiru
2 Habiru and the biblical Hebrews
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Citations
4.2 Bibliography
Hapiru, Habiru, and Apiru

Idrimi of Alalakh, „King of the Habiru”
In the time of Rim-Sin I (1822 BC to 1763 BC), the Sumerians knew a group of Aramaean nomads living in southern Mesopotamia as Habiru.[6] The word Habiru, more properly ʿApiru, occurs in hundreds of 2nd millennium BCE documents covering a 600-year period from the 18th to the 12th centuries BCE and found at sites ranging from Egypt, Canaan and Syria, to Nuzi (near Kirkuk in northern Iraq) and Anatolia (Turkey), frequently used interchangeably with the Sumerian SA.GAZ, a phonetic equivalent to the Akkadian (Mesopotamian) word saggasu („murderer, destroyer”).[7][8]

Not all Habiru were murderers and robbers:[9] in the 18th century BCE a north Syrian king named Irkabtum (c. 1740 BC) „made peace with [the warlord] Shemuba and his Habiru,” [10] while the ʿApiru, Idrimi of Alalakh, was the son of a deposed king, and formed a band of ʿApiru to make himself king of Alalakh.[11] What Idrimi shared with the other ʿApiru was membership of an inferior social class of outlaws, mercenaries, and slaves leading a marginal and sometimes lawless existence on the fringes of settled society.[12] ʿApiru had no common ethnic affiliations and no common language, their personal names being most frequently West Semitic, but many East Semitic, Hurrian or Indo-European.[12][13]

Areas of reported Habiru activity during the Late Bronze IIA period (based on the Amarna letters corpus)
In the Amarna letters from the 14th century BCE, the petty kings of Canaan describe them sometimes as outlaws, sometimes as mercenaries, sometimes as day-labourers and servants.[3] Usually they are socially marginal, but Rib-Hadda of Byblos calls Abdi-Ashirta of Amurru (modern Lebanon) and his son ʿApiru, with the implication that they have rebelled against their common overlord, the Pharaoh.[3] In „The Conquest of Joppa” (modern Jaffa), an Egyptian work of historical fiction from around 1440 BCE, they appear as brigands, and General Djehuty asks at one point that his horses be taken inside the city lest they be stolen by a passing ʿApir.[14][broken footnote]

Habiru and the biblical Hebrews
The biblical word „Hebrew”, like Habiru, began as a social category, and evolved into an ethnic one. [15] Since the discovery of the 2nd millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, there have been many theories linking these to the Hebrews of the Bible.[6]

As pointed out by Moore and Kelle, while the ʿApiru/Habiru may be related to the biblical Hebrews, they also appear to be composed of many different peoples, including nomadic Shasu and Shutu, the biblical Midianites, Kenites, and Amalekites, as well as displaced peasants and pastoralists.[16][17]

Scholars such as Anson Rainey have noted, however, that while ʿApiru covered the regions from Nuzi to Anatolia as well as Northern Syria, Canaan and Egypt, they were never confused with Shutu (Sutu) or Shasu (Shosu), Syrian pastoral nomads in the Amarna letters or other texts of the time.[18]

See also
Ancient Egypt portal
icon Asia portal
Ahlamu
Foreign relations of Egypt during the Amarna period
References
Citations
Rainey 2008, p. 51.
Coote 2000, p. 549.
McLaughlin 2012, p. 36.
Finkelstein & Silberman 2007, p. 44.
Noll 2001, p. 124.
Smith, Homer W. (1952). Man and His Gods. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. p. 89.
Rainey 2008, p. 52.
Rainey 2005, p. 134-135.
Youngblood 2005, p. 134-135.
Hamblin 2006, p. unpaginated.
Na’aman 2005, p. 112.
Redmount 2001, p. 98.
Coote 2000, p. 549-550.
Mannassa 2013, p. 5,75,107.
Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 19.
Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 125.
Rainey 1995, p. 483.
Rainey 1995, p. 490.
Bibliography
Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802864505.
Collins, John J. (2014). A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451484359.
Coote, Robert B. (2000). „Hapiru, Apiru”. In David Noel, Freedman; Allen C., Myers (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743243636.
Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. ISBN 9781134520626.
Lemche, Niels Peter (2010). The A to Z of Ancient Israel. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461671725.
Manassa, Colleen (2013). Imagining the Past: Historical Fiction in New Kingdom Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199982226.
McKenzie, John L. (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684819136.
McLaughlin, John L. (2012). The Ancient Near East. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426765506.
Moore, Megan B.; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel’s Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Grand Rapids, Michigan; Cambridge, UK. ISBN 9780802862600.
Na’aman, Nadav (2005). Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061139.
Noll, K.L. (2001). Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction. A&C Black. ISBN 9781841273181.
Rainey, Anson F. (2008). „Who Were the Early Israelites?” (PDF). Biblical Archaeology Review. 34:06 (Nov/Dec 2008): 51–55.
Rainey, Anson F. (1995). „Unruly Elements in Late Bronze Canaanite Society”. In Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (eds.). Pomegranates and Golden Bells. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9780931464874.
Redmount, Carol A. (2001). „Bitter Lives”. In Michael David, Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195139372.
Van der Steen, Eveline J. (2004). Tribes and Territories in Transition. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042913851.
Youngblood, Ronald (2005). „The Amarna Letters and the „Habiru””. In Carnagey, Glenn A.; Schoville, Keith N. (eds.). Beyond the Jordan: Studies in Honor of W. Harold Mare. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781597520690.
Categories: Habiru2nd millennium BCBronze Age peoplesNomadsSemitic-speaking peoples
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This page was last edited on 31 January 2022, at 19:54 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.