Despre „căminul” evreiesc

NICU BEN COHEN minte, ca întotdeauna. Ekaterina a II-a stabilise o zonă de rezidență în vestul Imperiului țarist, de unde jidovii nu aveau voie să migreze în Estul Imperiului. Nici vorbă de „un fel de stat”, nici măcar de un „cămin”. Ci, pur și simplu, erau obligați să stea acolo unde îi găsise istoria, fiindcă migrarea lor în ale gubernii ar fi produs ciocniri cu autohtonii.
„Acest Stat este considerat de istorici un fel de Stat evreiesc al Ashkenazilor khazari”. Iarăși numai minciuini – cu excepția afirmației că e vorba de jidovii așkenazi, proveniți din (k)hazari. Nici un istoric nu afirmă așa ceva, fiindcă nu putea fi vorba de un „stat”. Jidovii trăiau în ghetourile în care îi obligau să stea rabinii, care aveau drept de viață și de moarte asupra lor.
„Se pare că Lenin l-a desființat”! Vedeți cu ce istorie ne împroașcă Cohen? Cu „se pare că…” Lenin n-a desființat nimic fiindcă nu ființa nimic. Lenin era nițel jidov, prin bunicul patern. Apoi, Lenin a dat „Decretul asupa Naționalităților”, care trebuia să asigure autonomia naționalitălor în cadrul imperiului sovietic.
Stalin a fost cel care a început să îi împrăștie din zona de rezidență, unde se înmulțiseră ca șobolanii, și a înfințat Republica Sovietică Socialistă Jidovească, cu capitala la Birobidjan, care există și acum – cu o denumire mai scurtă, evident.

Informatii despre Tchertá Ossédlosti exista , dar nu am gasit nimic in romaneste . Am ceva aici in engleza . Sa tradici textul asta cu acuratete i-a ceva timp, dar presupun ca majoritatea colegilor de sait au cunostiinte suficiente sa citeasca textul .
O sa vorbesc cu evrei rusi care ii cunosc sa ma ajute sa gasesc vre-un Ucaz imperial referitor la constituirea Zonei evreiesti .

PALE OF SETTLEMENT:
By: Herman Rosenthal

A portion of Russia in which Jews are allowed to reside. Unlike other Russian subjects, the Jewish inhabitants do not generally possess the natural right of every citizen to live unrestrictedly in any place in the empire. Furthermore, they are permitted to leave the Pale of Settlement—that is, to move to another place for permanent or for temporary residence—only under certain conditions defined by law.

Beginnings of the Pale.
The Pale was first established in 1791, when the White-Russian Jews, who had passed under Russian rule (1772) at the first partition of Poland, were forbidden to join merchant or artisan gilds in governments other than those of White Russia. As a favor to the Jews, Catherine II. extended at the same time their right of citizenship to the viceregency of Yekaterinoslav and the territory of Taurida. Since that time this regulation has been constantly in force, though the limits of the Pale have been modified from time to time.

The fundamental official motive for this limitation is ostensibly the protection of the less enlightened Russian people against the economic enslavement that might be imposed upon them by the Jews. But the exceptions made by the government were directly calculated to develop the economic activity of the Jewish population; hence it may be assumed that by the establishment of the Pale it was really intended to remove the religious influence of the Jews over the Russians. Accordingly, the Pale included, besides the Polish governments, the South-Russian governments, where the Greek-Orthodox element did not form a considerable portion of the mixed population. With the successive partitions of Poland the Pale was enlarged by the addition of governments wherein Jews lived in great numbers. In 1794 it included those of Minsk, Izyaslav, Bratzlav, Polotzk, Moghilef, Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod-Syeversk, and Yekaterinoslav, and the territory of Taurida. To these were soon added the Lithuanian governments of Wilna and Grodno; and in 1799 the Pale was further augmented by the addition of Courland. In 1804 Jews were given access to the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia; but at the end of the reign of Alexander I. and in the reign of Nicholas I. the extent of the Pale was diminished. Thus in 1835 the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia were no longer included. At the same time the Jews were forbidden to reside in certain places within the Pale itself, e.g., in the military ports of Sebastopol and Nikolaief (Nikolayev), and in Kiev; in the villages of the governments of Moghilef (Mohilev) and Vitebsk; and on crown lands and in the Cossack villages of the governments of Chernigov and Poltava. Aside from this, the Jews were forbidden to settle anew in the fifty-verst boundary zone. About this time also Jews were expelled from the villages and hamlets of certain governments.

Poland Not in the Pale.
Jews have lived and still continue to live in the governments of Warsaw, Kalisz, Kielce (Kyelstzk), Lomza (Lomzha), Lublin, Piotrkow. Plock, Radom, Suwalki, and Siedlec (Syedletz); but these are not included in the Pale. Formerly they were considered almost as a separate world. Until 1862 the Jews of these governments were forbidden to reside in the Pale; and, on the other hand, the Jews of the Pale had not the right to reside in any of these (Polish) governments.

At present (1904) the Pale includes, according to law, fifteen governments: Bessarabia, Wilna, Vitebsk, Volhynia, Grodno, Yekaterinoslav, Kovno, Minsk, Moghilef, Podolia, Poltava, Taurida, Kherson, Chernigov, and Kiev. Moreover, Jews registered in the merchant gilds may reside in Sebastopol (since 1861), in Nikolaief (since 1866), and in Kiev (since 1861). The right of temporary residence in the last-cited place is granted also to young men studying in schools or in workshops, as well as to their parents. Two districts only, Plock (Plossk) and Lybed, are assigned for residence to the Jews; and Jews may live in other parts of the city only by special permission of the local authorities. Under Alexander III. the city of Taganrog, the district of Rostov, and the city of Yalta (1893) were excluded from the Pale, which was still further narrowed during his reign by the so-called „Temporary Regulations” (1882), which have now remained in force for more than twenty years.

By the provisions of the new law Jews were forbidden to settle anew outside of towns and townlets; and only those Jews were allowed to remain in the villages who had already lived there for many years. Yet the general conditions of the times led to the expulsion also of those who had the legal right toreside in villages. The senate was overwhelmed with complaints, and repeatedly declared that certain expulsions were illegal, explaining, for instance, that the removal of a Jew from one house to another in the same village could not be considered sufficient cause for his expulsion from the village itself; and that a Jew who had left a village for a term of service in the army did not thereby lose the right at the conclusion of such service to return to his old residence. The local authorities, however, continued and still continue to expel the outlawed Jews. In the reign of Alexander III. the Jews were energetically removed from the fifty-verst boundary zone, where they had again settled during the milder reign of Alexander II. Recently the law prohibiting Jews from living in the boundary zone was abolished; and the Pale was correspondingly augmented.

Conditional Residence.
There are places outside the Pale where Jews who comply with certain requirements are permitted to reside. In Courland, as also in the townlet of Shlok in the government of Livonia, the right of permanent residence is granted only to those Jews (and their descendants) who were registered there in the census of 1835; but the settlement of Jews from other governments is prohibited. Jews who were living in the Caucasus at the time of its conquest by Russia are known as „mountain” Jews; and their descendants enjoy the rights accorded to the other mountaineers. In the second decade of the nineteenth century attempts were made to expel the Jewish inhabitants of the Caucasus; but as many of them occupied entire villages, were engaged in agriculture, and were in some places owned as serfs by the landlords, it was decided in 1837 not to disturb the Caucasian Jews. Other Jews, however, were forbidden to establish themselves in the Caucasus. Subsequently, from 1852 to 1869, at the instance of the viceroy of the Caucasus, 460 Jewish families were allowed to register in the local communities. Outside the Caucasus the mountain Jews are permitted to live only in the Pale and in the Polish governments mentioned above.

Case of Siberia.
In Turkestan the right of residence is granted to those Jews only whose forefathers have lived there from time immemorial. In Siberia Jewish farmers were assigned certain districts in 1835, in the governments of Tobolsk and Omsk; but in 1837 not only was the further settlement of such farmers prohibited, but provision was made for diminishing the number of those already settled there. Only criminals and their sons of eighteen years of age or upward were allowed to remain in the districts in question. In the reign of Alexander II. the right of Jews to register in Siberian communities was revoked. Only those Jews who had been sent to Siberia for some crime, and their children, were excepted.

The right to leave the Pale of Settlement and to reside permanently in any part of Russia is with certain exceptions accorded to the following classes of Jews:

(1) Merchants of the first gild: The law of 1859 permits Jews who have been registered for a period of five years as merchants of such gild within the Pale to register also in the gilds of any place outside the Pale, and to establish themselves in such places with their families and a certain number of servants. But when a merchant who has been a member of the gild for less than ten years ceases to be a member of it, he must, even when possessing real property, move back to the Pale within two years. Only continuous membership in the first gild for a period of ten years secures to the merchant the right to remain without the Pale after leaving the gild. A special exception is made in the city of Moscow. A Jew may become a member of the Moscow merchant gild only by permission of the minister of finance and the governor-general of Moscow; and the right of residence in Moscow is withdrawn on resignation from the gild.
Exceptions; Higher Education.
(2) Persons possessed of a higher education: According to the law of 1861, Jews having diplomas as doctors of medicine, or as doctors, masters, or candidates in other university faculties, have the right to reside permanently in any of the governments and provinces of the Russian empire, whether as government employees or as merchants or manufacturers. They are also permitted to have with them the members of their families and a certain number of Jewish servants and clerks. By the laws of 1865, 1866, and 1867 this right was extended to Jewish physicians not possessing the higher academic degrees, and in 1872 to Jewish graduates of the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. An imperial decree of 1879 granted this right also to graduates of the higher schools of learning, to assistant pharmacists, dentists, non-graduate surgeons, and midwives.
(3) Persons who have completed their term of military service in accordance with the conscription regulations: Jews were first drafted into military service in 1827; but until 1867, discharged privates and non-commissioned officers were not given the right of residence outside the Pale. Exception was made (1860) in the case of those who had served in the Imperial Guard. But in 1867 a regulation was issued whereby all such soldiers, as well as those in the reserves, together with their families, were given not only the right to reside in any part of the empire, but also the right to register in merchant or artisan gilds (they still retain this privilege), provided that such veterans and their descendants had been uninterruptedly registered as members of a community outside the Pale. This right is recognized, however, only in the case of those soldiers who served under the old conscription regulations, but not in the case of Jews who (since 1874) have served for shorter periods in accordance with the new conscription laws. However, by an imperial decree of 1892 these rights of the veterans and their children were abolished in the case of the city and government of Moscow, except as regards those who were already registered in the artisan gilds there or were members of permanent artisan gilds.
Exceptions; Artisans.
(4) Artisans: In order to remedy the deficiency in Russia of skilled artisans, Jewish artisans have long been permitted to live outside the Pale when followingtheir vocations. In 1819 Jews were permitted to engage in the distilling of whisky in the governments of Great Russia, until the acquisition of the trade by the Russians; but in 1826 this privilege was withdrawn, the government at that time being engaged in suppressing the Judaizing Heresy. Jews were permitted, however, to work in the government distilleries at Irkutsk. After the expulsion of the Jews from the central governments and from the Caucasian provinces, it was decreed in the third decade of the nineteenth century that at the request of the governor-general of any province in the Caucasus Jewish artisans should be allowed to remain temporarily, on account of the dearth of skilled labor. In 1844 Jewish artisans were given permission to reside temporarily in the fortified towns on the eastern shore of the Black Sea.
A radical change was made by the law of 1865, granting Jewish mechanics, brewers, distillers, and master workmen and apprentices in general, together with their families, the privilege of unrestricted residence in any part of Russia; but under Alexander III. the law of 1891 prohibited such Jews from living in the city or government of Moscow. Accordingly, all the artisans residing there were expelled. Temporary sojourn in any part of Russia is, with certain exceptions, allowed to merchants of the first gild who have the right to live only in the city in whose gild they are registered; and merchants of the first gild have the right to visit twice a year places otherwise closed to them, and to remain there for a period not exceeding six months in all. Merchants of the second gild may visit places outside the Pale only once a year and for a period not exceeding two months. Merchants may send their clerks in their stead. Merchants of the first gild may also attend certain fairs. In general, Jews may leave the Pale for a period of six weeks, with an extension to eight weeks, in connection with legal matters, or in order to take possession of property inherited by them, or for commercial purposes, or to submit bids on contracts for work to be done within the Pale. Graduates of middle-class schools may reside without the Pale for the purpose of completing their education in the higher schools. Young men under eighteen also may visit places outside the Pale in order to learn a trade, and may remain there until the expiration of their apprenticeship.

Besides those mentioned, the following limitations are in force: No Jew has the right of permanent residence in Finland. In the military province of the Don the right of residence is given (since 1880) only to persons possessing a higher education. In the provinces of Kuban and Tersk permission to reside is given (since 1892) only to graduates of the higher institutions of learning, and among merchants only to those who have long been registered in one of the local communities. Jews have not the right to settle anew in Siberia. Jews illegally residing outside the Pale are sent home and are then prosecuted.

By a decree of Aug. 11, 1904, the limitations concerning the right of residence have been somewhat lessened. The following classes of Jews may now reside in villages and other rural communities: (1) Graduates of higher educational institutions and their children—their daughters until marriage, their sons until they reach their majority or until they complete their course in the higher educational institutions, but not beyond the age of twenty-five. (2) Merchants of the first gild and members of their families; also merchants who have been members of the first gild for a period of fifteen years. (3) Artisans and master workmen. (4) Retired soldiers who have served under the old conscription statutes.

Unrestricted right of residence is accorded to counselors of commerce and of manufactures (the number of these is very small), and to soldiers who have participated in the campaign in the Far East. Jews who have been members of the first gild, even though not continuously, for a period of ten years receive the right of unrestricted residence and may register in a local community. There are several other privileges of minor importance. The rights here enumerated do not apply, however, to those localities where special regulations concerning the Jews exist, as, for instance, the city and government of Moscow, Finland, Siberia, etc.

PARADOX:

„În toată Europa ocupată de germani, au locuit 2,4 milioane de evrei înainte de al doilea război, potrivit Enciclopediei Evreiești Mondiale.
După război, 3,8 milioane de evrei „Supraviețuitori ai Holocaustului” primeau pensii de la guvernul german.
În mod tragic, restul de 6 milioane au fost pierdute.”

CHERTÁ OSÉDLOSTI – ARIA AȘEZĂRII – PALE OF THE SETTLEMENTS

Aria așezării (rusă: Черта́ осе́длости, chertá osédlosti; idiș: דער תּחום-המושבֿ, der tkhum-ha-moyshəv; Ebraică: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב, t’ẖum hammosháv) a fost o regiune vestică a Imperiului Rus cu granițe diferite care au existat din 1791 până în 1917, în care a fost permisă rezidența permanentă de către evrei și dincolo de care rezidența evreiască, permanentă sau temporară, a fost în mare parte interzisă.

Aria a luat ființă sub conducerea Ecaterinei cea Mare în 1791, inițial ca măsură de accelerare a colonizării teritoriului nou dobândit la Marea Neagră. Evreilor li s-a permis să extindă teritoriul disponibil pentru ei, dar în schimb comercianții evrei nu mai puteau face afaceri în Rusia.
La apogeul său, Aria, inclusiv noile teritorii poloneze și lituaniene, avea o populație evreiască de peste cinci milioane de locuitori și reprezenta cea mai mare componentă (40 la sută) a populației evreiești mondiale la acea vreme.

Aria a inclus Belarusul modern, Lituania, Moldova, o mare parte din Ucraina și Polonia și părți relativ mici din Letonia și vestul Federației Ruse, aproximativ corespunzătoare macroregiunii Kresy a Rusiei. S-a extins de la Aria estica sau linia de demarcație din interiorul țării, spre vest până la granița imperială rusă cu Regatul Prusiei (mai târziu Imperiul German) și Austro-Ungaria. În plus, a compus aproximativ 20% din teritoriul Rusiei Europene și corespundea în mare parte teritoriilor istorice ale fostei Uniuni Polono-Lituaniene, Hetmanatului Cazacilor și Imperiului Otoman (cu Hanatul Crimeei și Principatul Moldovei).

Majoritatea oamenilor s-au bazat pe servicii mici sau pe lucrări artizanale care nu au putut susține numărul de locuitori, ceea ce a dus la emigrare, în special la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea. Chiar și așa, cultura evreiască, în special în idiș, s-a dezvoltat în shtetls (sate mici), iar cultura intelectuală s-a dezvoltat în yeshiva (școli religioase) și care au fost, de asemenea, transportate în străinătate.

Imperiul Rus în timpul existenței Ariei a fost predominant creștin ortodox, spre deosebire de zona inclusă în Pale cu minoritățile sale mari de evrei, romano-catolici și până la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea populația catolică răsăriteană (deși o mare parte din Ucraina modernă, Belarus și Moldova sunt predominant ortodoxe).

Numele „Aria de așezare” a apărut pentru prima dată sub conducerea lui Nicolae I. Sub conducerea sa (1825-1855), Aria s-a micșorat treptat și a devenit mai restrictiva. În 1827, evreii care locuiau în Kiev au fost sever restricționați. În 1835 provinciile Astrahan și Caucazul de Nord au fost îndepărtate din Arie.
Alexandru al II-lea, care a condus între 1855 și 1881, a extins drepturile evreilor bogați și educați de a pleca și de a trăi dincolo de Arie, ceea ce i-a făcut pe mulți evrei să creadă că Aria ar putea fi în curând abolita. Aceste speranțe au dispărut când Alexandru al II-lea a fost asasinat în 1881. Zvonurile s-au răspândit că el a fost asasinat de evrei, și în consecinta sentimentului antievreiesc a crescut foarte mult. Pogromurile antievreiești au zguduit țara din 1881 până în 1884.
Uneori, evreilor li se interzicea să trăiască în comunități agricole sau în anumite orașe (ca în Kiev, Sevastopol și Yalta) și erau forțați să se mute în orașe provinciale mai mici.

Sfârșitul aplicării și delimitării formale a Paleului a coincis cu începutul Primului Război Mondial în 1914 și, în cele din urmă, cu căderea Imperiului Rus în revoluțiile din februarie și octombrie 1917.
În timpul Primului Război Mondial, Aria și-a pierdut controlul rigid asupra populației evreiești atunci când un număr mare de evrei au fugit în interiorul Rusiei pentru a scăpa de armata germană invadatoare.
Până în august 1915, granițele Arieii erau de facto inaplicabile. Aria s-a încheiat oficial la scurt timp după abdicarea lui Nicolae al II-lea și pe măsură ce revoluția a cuprins Rusia.
La 20 martie 1917, Aria a fost abolita prin decretul guvernului provizoriu al lui Kerensky, privind abolirea restricțiilor religioase și naționale.

Predecesorul Elisabetei a II-a in privinta masurilor de izolare si securizare a evreilor a fost Maria Tereza.
Maria Teresa imparateasa Sfantului Imperiu Roman, suveranul Austriei, Croatiei, Mantua, Milano, Lodomeria si Galicia, Olanda Austriaca si Parma, ducesa de Lorraine si mare ducesa de Tuscany, i-a considerat atât pe evrei, cât și pe protestanți ca fiind periculoși pentru stat și a încercat în mod activ să-i suprime. Ea a fost probabil cel mai antievreiesc monarh al timpului ei, moștenind conceptiile tradiționale ale strămoșilor ei și dobândind si altele noi. Acesta a fost un produs al devotamentului religios profund și nu a fost ținut secret în timpul ei. În 1777, ea a scris despre evrei: „Nu cunosc o ciumă mai mare decât această rasă, care, din cauza înșelăciunii, cămătării și avariției sale, îi conduce pe supușii mei în saracie. Prin urmare, pe cât posibil, evreii trebuie ținuți departe și evitați.”
În decembrie 1744, ea a propus miniștrilor săi expulzarea evreilor din Austria și Boemia. Prima ei intenție a fost să-i deporteze pe toți evreii până la 1 ianuarie, dar după ce a acceptat sfatul miniștrilor ei, care erau îngrijorați de numărul viitorilor deportați care ar putea ajunge la 50.000, termenul limită a fost amânat pentru iunie. Ordinele de expulzare au fost retrase abia în 1748 din cauza presiunilor din partea altor țări, inclusiv a Marii Britanii. Ea a ordonat, de asemenea, deportarea a aproximativ 20.000 de evrei din Praga pe fondul acuzațiilor că aceștia erau neloiali în timpul ocupației bavarezo-franceze în timpul războiului succesiunii austriece. Ordinul a fost apoi extins la toți evreii din Boemia și orașele mari din Moravia, deși ordinul a fost ulterior retras, cu excepția evreilor din Praga care fuseseră deja expulzați.
În al treilea deceniu al domniei sale, influențată de curteanul ei evreu Abraham Mendel Theben, Maria Tesa a emis edicte care ofereau o anumită protecție de stat supușilor ei evrei. Acțiunile ei din timpul etapelor târzii ale domniei sale contrastează cu opiniile ei timpurii. Ea a interzis convertirea forțată a copiilor evrei la creștinism în 1762, iar în 1763 a interzis clerului catolic să extragă taxe de la supușii ei evrei. În 1764, ea a ordonat eliberarea acelor evrei care fuseseră închiși pentru o calomnie de sânge în satul Orkuta. În ciuda antipatiei sale puternice față de evrei, Maria Tereza a sprijinit activitatea comercială și industrială evreiască în Austria. Au existat, de asemenea, părți ale regatului unde evreii au fost tratați mai bine, cum ar fi Trieste, Gorizia și Vorarlberg.

Sursa: https://en.wikipedia.org

Temenul in ebraica תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב – “Aria de asezare” este cel avut in vedere la traducerea in romaneste, a denumirii “Ariei de asezare”, pentru celelate denumiri in idis sau rusa traducerile nu apar sa aibe vreun sens.

Traducerea CD